Abd-ar-Rahman III becomes Emir and Caliph of Cordoba; under his rule the Arab emirate in Spain will reach the height of its power and cultural achievement. During his reign, Cordoba became the most important intellectual centre of Western Europe, and people of all creeds enjoyed tolerance and freedom of religion. He also reinforced the Spanish fleet, which became the most powerful in Mediterranean Europe.
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Citation: Editors, Litencyc. "Apogee of Umayyad caliphate at Cordoba". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 01 May 2009 [https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=7019, accessed 18 March 2025.]
